Karbon Emisyonlarını Azaltmada Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Rolü: Çevresel Performans Endeksinde Başarılı Olan 10 Ülkeden Kanıtlar

Yazarlar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2025.1492

Anahtar Kelimeler:

CO2 Emisyonu- Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi- Dinamik Ortak Korelasyon Etkiler- Panel VECM Nedensellik- Çevresel Performans Endeksi

Özet

Günümüzde artan çevresel kaygılar ve iklim değişikliği, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önemini daha da artırmıştır. Fosil yakıtların kullanımının çevresel etkileri göz önüne alındığında, yenilenebilir enerjiye geçiş, sürdürülebilir bir gelecek için kritik bir adım olarak görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin CO2 emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak, çevresel politikaların şekillendirilmesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1990-2021 dönemi için çevresel performans endeksinde başarılı olan on ülkenin (Estonya, Lüksemburg, Almanya, Finlandiya, Büyük Britanya, İsveç, Norveç, Avusturya, İsviçre ve Danimarka) yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi (REN) ile CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmada, Dinamik Ortak Korelasyon Etkiler (DCCE) ve Panel Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (VECM) Nedensellik testi kullanılarak analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. DCCE analiz bulguları, hem genel panelde hem de bireysel ülkelerde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki artışın, CO2 emisyonlarını azaltmada önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, yapılan panel VECM nedensellik testi bulgusuna göre, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminden CO2 emisyonuna doğru uzun dönemde nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda, çevresel performans endeksinde başarılı olan on ülkenin, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını etkin bir şekilde kullanarak CO2 emisyonlarını azaltmada başarılı olduklarını ve bu sayede sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine katkıda bulunduklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynaklar

Adebayo, T. S., Oladipupo, S. D., Adeshola, I., & Rjoub, H. (2022). Wavelet Analysis of İmpact of Renewable Energy Consumption and Technological İnnovation on CO2 Emissions: Evidence From Portugal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(1), 23887-23904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17708-8

Agbortoko, A. E., Somoye, O. A., & Ozdeser, H. (2024). The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Globalization, and Financial Development on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from Selected G7 Economies. Clean Energy and Sustainability, 2(4), 10020. https://doi.org/10.70322/ces.2024.10020

Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Ye, Z., & Majeed, M.T. (2020). Heterogeneous Effects of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.120

Ali, M., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2022). The Asymmetric Effect of Renewable Energy and Trade on Consumption-Based CO2 Emissions: The Case of Italy. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 18(3), 784–795. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4507

Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., Sarkodie, S. A., & Akinsola, G. D. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption in the USA: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(34), 34775–34784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06520-0

Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the Causal Dynamics Between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255–2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014

Artekin, A.Ö. (2024). Brezilya’da GSYİH, Gelir Dağılımı ve Yenilenebilir Enerjinin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 59(3), 1679-1700. https://doi.org/10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.24.09.2280

Asiedu, B. A., Hassan, A. A., & Bein, M. A. (2021). Renewable Energy, Non-Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth: Evidence from 26 European Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(9), 11119–11128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11186-0

Aziz, N., Sharif, A., Raza, A., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The Role of Natural Resources, Globalization, and Renewable Energy in Testing the EKC Hypothesis in MINT Countries: New Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(11), 13454–13468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11540-2

Baek, J. (2016). Do Nuclear and Renewable Energy Improve the Environment? Empirical Evidence from the United States. Ecological Indicators, 66, 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.059

Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I., & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Top 38 Countries. Applied Energy, 162, 733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.104

Bhattacharya, M., Awaworyi Churchill, S., & Paramati, S. R. (2017). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy and Institutions on Economic Output and CO2 Emissions Across Regions. Renewable Energy, 111, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.102

Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080

Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2015). The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: The Role of Economic Growth and Trade Openness in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 74, 849–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.09.019

Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111

Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Common Correlated Effects Estimation of Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Data Models with Weakly Exogenous Regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.03.007

Çetintaş, Y. ve Aydın, C. (2022). Yenilenebilir Enerji Bağlamında Çevre ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 292-312. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1061056

Çoban, O. ve Kılınç, N. Ş. (2015). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Karbon Emisyonu İlişkisi: TR Örneği, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 38(1), 195-208. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erusosbilder/issue/23772/253418

Danish., Zhang, B., Wang, B., & Wang, Z. (2017). Role of Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on EKC: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 855–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.203

De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panel-Data Models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600403

Ditzen, J. (2016). xtdcce: Estimating Dynamic Common Correlated Effects in Stata. SEEC Discussion Papers, 1601. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2898067

Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 Emissions in the European Union: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078

Doğan, N., & Karay, M. (2019). The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity on CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustions for the Case of Turkey: A Cointegration Analyses. Journal of Economics and Related Studies, 1(2), 169–187.

Doğan, B., Chu, L. K., Ghosh, S., Diep Truong, H. H., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). How Environmental Taxes and Carbon Emissions Are Related in the G7 Economies?. Renewable Energy, 187, 645–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.056

Dong, K., Dong, X., & Jiang, Q. (2019). How Renewable Energy Consumption Lowers Global CO2 Emissions? Evidence from Countries with Different Income Levels. The World Economy, 43(6), 1665–1698. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12895

European Environment Agency. (2024). Country Profiles: Sustainable Development Goals and the Environment. Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/sustainability-transitions/sustainable-development-goals-and-the/country-profiles

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI). (2024). Ranking Country Performance on Sustainability Issues. https://epi.yale.edu/downloads

Hasanov, F. J., Khan, Z., Hussain, M., & Tufail, M. (2021). Theoretical Framework for the Carbon Emissions Effects of Technological Progress and Renewable Energy Consumption. Sustainable Development, 29(5), 810–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2175

Hurlin, C., & Mignon, V. (2007). Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests. The Stata Journal, 7(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700203

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2022). World Energy Outlook 2022. IEA Publications.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press.

Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2011). Panels with Non-Stationary Multifactor Error Structures. Journal of Econometrics, 160(2), 326–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.10.001

Kazancı, B. A., Arslan, O. F. F., & Dinçer, S. (2024). Climate Crisis and The Future of Renewable Energy in the Turkic Republics. In Analyzing Energy Crises and the Impact of Country Policies on the World (pp. 178–194). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0440-2.ch010

Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Shakouri, B. (2017). The Effect of Renewable Energy and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: A Panel Data. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 13, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1410453

Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Ghorchi Beygi, E. (2017). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption and Financial Development on CO2 Emissions: For Selected African Countries. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 13(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1308406

Lee, S., & Kim, H. (2022). The Effects of Renewable Energy Transition on Air Quality and Human Health. Energy Policy, 161, 112567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112567

Leitão, N.C., & Lorente, D. B. (2020). The Linkage Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union. Energies, 13(18), 4838. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184838

Leitão, N. C., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Cantos-Cantos, J. M. (2021). The Impact of Renewable Energy and Economic Complexity on Carbon Emissions in BRICS Countries Under the EKC Scheme. Energies, 14(16), 4908. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164908

Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2021). The Role of Renewable Energy, Fossil Fuel Consumption, Urbanization and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions in China. Energy Reports, 7, 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.04.001

Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2022). The Potential of India’s Net-Zero Carbon Emissions: Analyzing the Effect of Clean Energy, Coal, Urbanization, and Trade Openness. Energy Reports, 8, 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.001

Liu, X., Kong, H., & Zhang, S. (2021). Can Urbanization, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth Make Environment More Eco-Friendly in Northeast Asia? Renewable Energy, 169, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.024

Mahmood, N., Wang, Z., & Hassan, S. T. (2019). Renewable Energy, Economic Growth, Human Capital, and CO2 Emission: An Empirical Analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20619–20630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05387-5

Namahoro, J. P., Wu, Q., Zhou, N., & Xue, S. (2021). Impact of Energy Intensity, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Africa Across Regions and Income Levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 147, 111233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111233

Nguyen, K. H., & Kakinaka, M. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Development Stages: Some Evidence from Panel Cointegration Analysis. Renewable Energy, 132, 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.069

Nordhaus, W. D. (2013). Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. Yale University Press.

Ordu, S. (2022). Enerji Tüketimi, CO2 Salınımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.1065717

Organ, İ. ve Çiftçi, T. E. (2013). Karbon Vergisi, Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(1), 81-95. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/niguiibfd/issue/19752/211414

Özman, K. ve Karadaş, H. A. (2023). Yenilenebilir Enerji, Ekonomik Büyüme ve CO2 Salınımı Arasındaki İlişki, Uluslararası Güncel Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 38-45. http://cusos.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/79146/1314762

Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011). Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Environmental Protection: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.037

Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-F

Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (1996). Testing for the ‘Existence of a Long-Run Relationship’ (No. 9622). Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113

Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156

Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113

Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x

Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951

Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x

Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010

Polat, B. ve Kızılkan, Ö. (2022). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Karbon Emisyonu İlişkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği, Euroasia Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 9(29), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7497303

Rathore N. S., Panwar N. L. (2007). Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Development. New Delhi, India: New India Publishing Agency.

Raza, S. A., & Shah, N. (2018). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in G7 Countries: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(26), 26965–26977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2673-z

Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). Reducing CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: Do Renewable and Nuclear Energy Matter? Progress in Nuclear Energy, 126, 103425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103425

Shafiei, S., & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064

Smith, J., & Jones, A. (2023). The Impact of Renewable Energy Investments on Carbon Emissions: A Case Study. Renewable Energy, 198, 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.123

Sulaiman, J., Azman, A., & Saboori, B. (2013). The Potential of Renewable Energy: Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve Model. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2013.103.112

Tran, T., Bui, H., Vo, A. T., & Vo, D. H. (2024). The Role of Renewable Energy in the Energy–Growth–Emission Nexus in the ASEAN Region. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-024-00446-3

Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003

World Bank. (2024). CO2 Emissions (Metric Tons Per Capita). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?dsid=2&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 30.09.2024.

World Bank. (2024). Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption). World Development Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS 30.09.2024.

World Economic Forum. (2021, April). Energy Transition Race: Which Countries Are Leading? Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/04/energy-transition-race-which-countries-leading/

Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2013). Eğitim ve Sağlık İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(1), 49-74. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esad/issue/6061/81509

Yardımcıoğlu, F. ve Gülmez, A. (2013). Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(1), 145-161. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder/issue/3472/47238

Yaşar, F. ve Akın, F. (2023). Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinin Çevresel Performansının Veri Zarflama Analizi Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1380390

Zaidi, S. A. H., Danish, Hou, F., & Mirza, F. M. (2018). The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in CO2 Emissions: A Disaggregate Analysis of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 31616–31629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-31616-31629

Zhu, Y., Taylor, D., & Wang, Z. (2023). The Role of Environmental Taxes on Carbon Emissions in Countries Aiming for Net-Zero Carbon Emissions: Does Renewable Energy Consumption Matter? Renewable Energy, 218, 119239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119239

Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 Emissions, Renewable Energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a Panel Cointegration Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018

Zuhal, M., & Göcen, S. (2024). The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in the US: Evidence from Symmetric and Asymmetric Spectral Granger Causality Analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05002-9

İndir

Yayınlanmış

16-06-2025

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

AKIN, F. (2025). Karbon Emisyonlarını Azaltmada Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Rolü: Çevresel Performans Endeksinde Başarılı Olan 10 Ülkeden Kanıtlar. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 60(2), 1525–1542. https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2025.1492

Sayı

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Benzer Makaleler

<< < 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > >> 

Bu makale için ayrıca gelişmiş bir benzerlik araması başlat yapabilirsiniz.