İklim Değişikliği ve Kimliğin Kesişiminde Kırılganlık: Afganistan’ın Kuzeyindeki Özbek Türkleri’nin Yerel Direnç Pratikleri ve İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejileri
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2025.1641Anahtar Kelimeler:
Afganistan- Özbek Türkleri- İklim Adaleti- İklim kırılganlığı- Kesişimsellik- Yerel Bilgi SistemleriÖzet
İklim değişikliği, yalnız çevresel bir bozulma süreci değildir, özellikle kurumsal kapasitenin sınırlı, yönetim yapılarının zayıf ve sosyo-politik istikrarsızlıkların kronikleştiği devletlerde, toplumsal direnç mekanizmalarını aşındırarak çok boyutlu kırılganlıkları derinleştiren yapısal bir risk alanıdır. Tarıma dayalı geçim ekonomilerinin hâkim olduğu kırsal bölgelerde iklim değişikliği kaynaklı şoklar, geçim kaynaklarını doğrudan etkileyerek sosyal, ekonomik ve mekânsal kırılganlığı artırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Afganistan’ın kuzey vilayetlerinde yaşayan Özbek Türklerini odağa alarak, çevresel kırılganlık kavramını etnik aidiyet, kırsal marjinallik ve toplumsal cinsiyet gibi kesişen yapısal eşitsizlikler bağlamında analiz etmektedir. Araştırma, mikro-etnik bir topluluğun iklim değişikliği kaynaklı stres karşısında geliştirdiği direnç mekanizmalarını ve bu süreci şekillendiren yerel bilgi sistemlerini görünür kılmayı amaçlamaktadır. Saha erişiminin kısıtlılığı nedeniyle, veri seti uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından hazırlanmış saha raporlarından oluşturulmuş ve ikincil belge analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Kuramsal çerçeve, W. Neil Adger’in iklim adaleti yaklaşımı ve toplumsal kırılganlık kuramına dayanmaktadır. Bulgular, Özbek Türklerinin kırılganlık biçimlerinin yalnız iklim değişikliği kaynaklı maruziyetle sınırlı olmadığını, kamu hizmetlerine kısıtlı erişim, su altyapısındaki yetersizlikler, etnik temsilde dışlanma, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri ve erken yaşta evlilikler gibi kesişen yapısal dezavantajlarla derinleştiğini göstermektedir. Bu kırılganlık ortamında, hashar (kolektif dayanışma), karez (yeraltı su yönetimi) ve yağışların zamanlamasına ilişkin yerel bilgi pratikleri, kültürel bellekte yer alan direnç unsurları olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ancak bu sistemlerin sürdürülebilirliği günümüzde ciddi biçimde tehdit altındadır. Çalışma, kırılgan topluluklara yönelik iklim politikalarının yalnız teknik müdahalelerle sınırlı kalmaması, yerel bilgi sistemlerini tanıyan, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini gözeten ve mikro-etnik topluluklara özgü hedeflenmiş uyum stratejilerini içeren çok katmanlı bir adalet perspektifiyle yeniden tasarlanması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
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