Operasyonel ve Çevresel Etkinliğin Değerlendirilmesinde Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA): İlaç Sektörü

Yazarlar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2025.1441

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İlaç Sektörü- Operasyonel Performans- Çevresel Performans- Etkinlik, Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA)

Özet

Bu çalışmada ekonomik ve toplumsal açıdan hayati öneme sahip ve fakat çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri de bilinen ilaç sektöründe operasyonel ve çevresel etkinliğin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yerel ve uluslararası ilaç şirketlerinin sürdürülebilirlik ve faaliyet raporlarından, belge tarama yoluyla elde edilen operasyonel ve çevresel performans göstergeleri Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA)’nin ölçeğe göre değişken getiri (VRS) modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. VZA’nde istenmeyen girdi ve çıktı değişkenleri için çarpımsal ters dönüşüm yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre şirketlerin operasyonel ve çevresel etkinlik sıralamaları farklılık göstermektedir.  Operasyonel performans açısından etkin olan Abbivie, Johnson&Johnson ve Merck & Co. şirketleri oldukça düşük çevresel etkinlik düzeyine sahipken; Biogen ve Regeneron Pharm. şirketlerinin de çevresel etkinlik sıralaması operasyonel etkinlik sıralamasına göre daha yüksektir. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin ilaç üreticilerinin de dahil edildiği yerel ve küresel şirketlerden oluşan örneklem açısından literatürdeki boşluğu doldurmanın yanında elde edilen sonuçların sektöre vereceği mesajlar bakımından önem taşınmaktadır. Operasyonel ve çevresel etkinliğin birlikte dikkate alınması, sektörel problemlerden ortalama stok maliyetlerinin operasyonel performans göstergelerine dahil edilmesi çalışmanın özgünlüğünü artırmaktadır.

Kaynaklar

ACCC (Australia Competition and Consumer Commission). (2024). Environmental and sustainability claims. www.accc.gov.au/business/advertising-and-promotions/environmental-and-sustainability-claims.

Al-Refaie, A., Ghaleb Abbasi, G., Al-Hawadi, A. (2023). DEA Efficiency Assessment of Packaging Lines in a Pharmaceutical Industry. Eng. Lett, 31, 1241-1249.

Al-Refaie, A., Wu, C. W., Sawalheh, M. (2019). DEA Window Analysis for Assessing Efficiency of Blistering Process in a Pharmaceutical Industry. Neural Computing and Applications, 31, 3703-3717.

Antoun Netto, S. O., Fortunato, B. Q., Bonato, A. G. (2022). Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods to evaluate performance of the Brazilian network for Continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Monitoring (RBMC). Anuário do Instituto de Geociências, 45, 1-14.

Ayçin, E. (2019). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme- Bilgisayar Uygulamalı Çözümler. Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara.

Azad, M.A.K., Munisamy, S., Teng, K. K., Talib, M. B. A., Saona, P. (2018). Productivity Changes of Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh: Does Process Patent Matter? Global Business Review, 19(4), 1013-1025.

Bade, C., Olsacher, A., Boehme, P., Truebel, H., Bürger, L., Fehring, L. (2024). Sustainability in the Pharmaceutical Industry-An Assessment of Sustainability Maturity and Effects of Sustainability Measure Implementation on Supply Chain Security. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(1), 224-242.

Balaban Salı, J. (2018). Verilerin Toplanması, Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Editör: A. Şimşek, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, Eskişehir, 134-161.

Bastani, M., Ketabi, S., Maddahi, R., Ahari, R. M. (2021). Data Envelopment Analysis in the Presence of Correlated Evaluation Variables. Jordan Journal of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, 15(3).

Burke, H. (30 July 2024). Who Are the Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in the World? www.proclinical.com/blogs/2023-7/the-top-10-pharmaceutical-companies-in-the-world-2023.

Calciolari, S., Cesarini, M., Ruberti, M. (2024). Sustainability Disclosure in the Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries: Results from Bibliometric Analysis and AI-Based Comparison of Financial Reports. Journal of Cleaner Production, 447, 141511.

Chorfi, Z., Berrado, A., Benabbou, L. (2019, March). A Three Stage DEA Approach for Evaluating the Performance of Supply Chains: Case Study of Public Pharmaceutical Products Supply Chains in Morocco. In 9th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, (5-7 march 2019).

Christel, M. (June 2023). The Race Forward. Pharm Executive, Vol:43, Iss: 6, 16-21.

Cui, Y., Chu, S. (2023). Study on Carbon Emission Efficiency Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Chinese Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 14(4), 98-111.

Çalışkan, A.Ö. (2012). Sürdürülebilirlik Raporlaması. Journal of Accounting and Taxation Studies, 5(1), 41-68.

Diaz, R. F., Sanchez-Robles, B. (2020). Non-Parametric Analysis of Efficiency: An Application to the Pharmaceutical Industry. Mathematics, 8(9), 1522.

Diaz, R. F., Sanchez-Robles, B. (2023). Outsourcing of Research and Development and Efficiency: a DEA Non-Parametric Analysis of the Contract Research Organisations Industry. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(3).

Doraisamy, S. M., Azad, A. K. (2014). Efficiency Measurement of Pharmaceutical Industry using the Malmquist Total Productivity Index. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of DEA, 14-17 Apr, Kuala Lumpur.

Dönmez, N., Taşkın, T. (2023). İşletmelerin Çevresel Duyarlılıklarının Sürdürülebilirlik Raporlarına Yansıma Düzeyi: İlaç Endüstrisinde Kurumsal Sürdürülebilirlik Raporlarının İçerik Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (75), 221-241.

Drucker, P.F. (1963). Managing for Business Effectiveness. Harvard Business Review, 41, 53- 60. www//hbr.org/1963/05/managing-for-business-effectiveness.

Eckford, C. (2023). European pharmaceutical review. www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/183076/ big-pharma-inventory-management-trends-revealed/. ,

Ekiz Bozdemir, M. K., Avcı, S., Akman, G. (2024). Veri Zarflama Analizinde İstenmeyen Girdi/Çıktıya Sahip Tüm Birimler İçin Çevresel Etkinlik Değerlendirilmesine Yeni Bir Model Önerisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(4), 2435-2446.

Eskandari, M., Hamid, M., Masoudian, M., Rabbani, M. (2022). An Integrated Lean Production-Sustainability Framework for Evaluation and Improvement of the Performance of Pharmaceutical Factory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 376, 134132.

Feroz, E. H., Goel, S., Raab, R. L. (2008). Performance Measurement for Accountability in Corporate Governance: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. Review of Accounting and Finance, 7(2), 121-130.

Fukuyama, H., Matousek, R., Tzeremes, Nickolaos G. (2023). Estimating the Degree of Firms’ Input Market Power via Data Envelopment Analysis: Evidence from the Global Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry. European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, 305(2), 946-960.

Gaebert, T., Staňková, M. (2020). Efficiency Development in the German Pharmaceutical Market. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 68, 5, 877-884.

Gascon, F., Lozano, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D. (2017). Measuring the Efficiency of Large Pharmaceutical Companies: An Industry Analysis. The European Journal of Health Economics, 18, 587-608.

Goyal, J., Kaur, H. (2017-a). Operational Efficiency and Related Technological Aspects of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. Arthavaan, 2(1), 1-10.

Goyal, J., Kaur, H. (2017-b). Assessing the Financial Efficiency in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. International Journal of Business Management, 7(2), 47-62.

Habibifar, N., Hamid, M., Nasiri, M. M. (2019). Concurrent optimization of Integrated Macro-Ergonomics and Resilience Engineering in a Pharmaceutical Manufacturer. Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 12(3), 269-282.

Hanggraeni, D. (2014). Analysis the Efficiency and Productivity of Indonesian Pharmaceutical Public Companies Using Data Envelopment Analysis. The Indonesian Capital Market Review, 6(2), 4.

Hashimoto, A., Haneda, S. (2008). Measuring the Change in R&D Efficiency of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry. Research Policy, 37, 1829-1836.

Haşıloğlu, S. B., Hasiloglu Ciftciler, M. (2023). What Should be the Measure of Conformity to Normal Distribution (Normality) Test in Likert Type Digital and Face-To-Face Survey Data? İnternet Uygulamaları Ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 14(2), 54-69.

Haynes, K.E., Dinc, M. (2005). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 609-616.

Hilmola, O. (2020). Role of Inventory and Assets in Shareholder Value Creation. Expert Systems with Applications, 5, 100027.

IQVIA. (2023). Türkiye İlaç Sektörü Raporu (Araştırmacı İlaç Firmaları Derneği-AIFD ve Avrupa İlaç Endüstrileri ve Birlikleri Federasyonu (EFPIA) sponsorluğunda). www.aifd.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ IQVIA_TURKIYE-ILAC-SEKTORU_RAPORU_.pdf.

Jahanshahloo, G.R., Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F., Shoja, N., Tohidi, G., Razavyan, S. (2005). Undesirable Inputs and Outputs in DEA Models, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 169, 2, 917-925.

Karami, A., Shirouyehzad, H., Asadpour, M. (2021). A DEA‐Based Decision Support Framework for Organizations’ Performance Evaluation Considering TQM and Knowledge Management. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2021(1), 6654600.

Kecek, G. 2010. Veri Zarflama Analizi-Teori ve Uygulama Örneği, Siyasal Kitabevi,Ankara.

Kourtis, E., Kourtis, M., Curtis, P., Hanias, M. (2022). Sustainable Business Growth, Value Creation and Dynamic Competitive Advantage: The Greek Pharmaceutical Industry. European Research Studies Journal, 2, 46-79.

Le, M. H., Lu, W. M. (2022). An Integrated Multiple Objective Decision Making Approach for Exploring The Competitiveness of Pharmaceutical Multinational Enterprises. Annals of Operations Research, 1-26.

Lewis, H. F., Sexton, T. R. (2004). Data Envelopment Analysis with Reverse Inputs and Outputs. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 21(2), 113-132.

Lieberman, M., Dhawan, R. (2005). Assessing the Resource Base of Japanese and US Auto Producers: A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Approach. Inst Operatıons Research Management Scıences, 51(7), 1060-1075.

Lin, T.X., Wu, Z., Ji, X., Yang, J. (2021). Research on the Operating Efficiency of Chinese Listed Pharmaceutical Companies Based on Two-Stage Network DEA And Malmquist. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, 2021, 1-18.

Liu, W. B., Meng, W., Li, X. X., Zhang, D. Q. (2010). DEA Models with Undesirable Inputs and Outputs. Annals of Operations Research, 173, 177-194.

Lopez-Toro, A. A., Sánchez-Teba, E. M., Benítez-Márquez, M. D., Rodríguez-Fernández, M. (2021). Influence of ESGC Indicators on Financial Performance of Listed Pharmaceutical Companies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4556.

Lovell, C. K., Pastor, J. T., Turner, J. A. (1995). Measuring Macroeconomic Performance in the OECD: A comparison of European and Non-European Countries. European journal of operational research, 87(3), 507-518.

Mahajan, V., Nauriyal, D. K., Singh, S. P. (2018). Efficiency and Its Determinants: Panel Data Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 12(1), 19-40.

Majumdar, S. K. (1994). Assessing Firms' Capabilities: Theory and Measurement: a Study of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Economic and Political Weekly, 83-89.

Malhotra, R., Malhotra, D. K. (2015). Analyzing the Performance of Pharmaceutical Firms Using Data Envelopment Analysis. International Journal of Management Research, 6-1, 33-47.

Miettinen, M., Khan, S. A. (2022). Pharmaceutical Pollution: A Weakly Regulated Global Environmental Risk. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31(1), 75-88.

Mirmozaffari, M., Yazdani, R., Shadkam, E., Khalili, S. M., Mahjoob, M., Boskabadi, A. (2022). An İntegrated Artificial Intelligence Model for Efficiency Assessment in Pharmaceutical Companies During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 156-167.

Mohammadian, I., Rezaee, M.J. (2020). A New Decomposition and Interpretation of Hicks-Moorsteen Productivity Index for Analysis of Stock Exchange Companies: Case Study on Pharmaceutical Industry. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 69.

Monzeli, A., Daneshian, B., Tohidi, G., Sanei, M., Razavian, S. (2020). Efficiency Study with Undesirable Inputs and Outputs in DEA. Journal of Fuzzy Extension and Applications, 1(1), 73-80.

Moosivand, A., Ghatari, A. R., Rasekh, H. R. (2019). Supply Chain Challenges in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies: Using Qualitative System Dynamics Methodology. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research, 18(2), 1103.

Muller, M. (2011). Essentials of Inventory Management (2nd ed.). AMACOM Division of American Management Association International. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d2qzgt.

OECD iLibrary, (2020) Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products-Industry Overview. www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/c880184e-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/ c880184e-en.

Özbek, A. (2019). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri ve Excel ile Problem Çözümü-Kavram Teori Uygulama. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.

Özçakar, N. (2024). Üretim ve Operasyon Yönetimi, www.ansiklopedi.tubitak.gov.tr/ansiklopedi/uretim_ ve_operasyon_yonetimi.

Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi (Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı), Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.

Özden, Ü. (2008). Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Türkiye’deki Vakıf Üniversitelerinin Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 167-185.

Özkan, T. (2019). Türk Bankacılık Sisteminde Veri Zarflama Tekniği İle Banka Etkinliğinin Ölçülmesi. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 54(3), 1511-1529.

Pal, D., Chakraborty, C., Ghose, A. 2018. Is There İmprovement in Total Factor Productivity Growth of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry after TRIPS Agreement? Evidence from Biennial Malmquist Index. The Central European Review of Economics and Management, 2(3), 55-80.

Peykani, P., Seyed Esmaeili, F. S., Mirmozaffari, M., Jabbarzadeh, A., Khamechian, M. (2022). Input/Output Variables Selection in Data Envelopment Analysis: A Shannon Entropy Approach. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 4(3), 688-699.

Rao, C.M., Rao, K.P. (2009). Inventory Turnover Ratio as a Supply Chain Performance Measure. Serbian Journal of Management, 4(1), 41-50.

Rosenmayer, T. (2014). Using Data Envelopment Analysis: A Case of Universities. Review of Economic Perspectives, 14(1), 34-54.

Salehi, V., Salehi, R., Mirzayi, M., Akhavizadegan, F. (2020). Performance Optimization of Pharmaceutical Supply Chain by a Unique Resilience Engineering and Fuzzy Mathematical Framework. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 30(5), 336-348.

Saranga, H., Phani, B.V. (2009). Determinants of Operational Efficiencies in the Indian Pharmaceutical İndustry. International Transactions in Operational Research, 16(1), 109-130.

Scheel, H. (2001). Undesirable Outputs in Efficiency Valuations. European Journal of Operational Research, 132(2), 400-410.

Schwarz, J. O. (2008). Assessing the Future of Futures Studies in Management. Futures, 40(3), 237-246.

Shi, M., Qu, S., Ji, Y., Peng, Z. (2024). Measuring of Environment Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Companies: Robust Game Cross‐Efficiency Data Envelope Analysis Model. Managerial and Decision Economics, 45(4), 1984-1999.

Sueyoshi, T., Goto, M. (2014). DEA Radial Measurement for Environmental Assessment: A Comparative Study between Japanese Chemical and Pharmaceutical Firms. Applied Energy, 115, 502-513.

Tarı, R., & Sezer, F. (2017). İstenen ve istenmeyen Çıktılarla Etkinlik Analizi: Kocaeli Gıda Sanayii Firmaları Örneği. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (34), 1-18.

The Environmental Impact of the Pharma Sector. (06 June 2022). www.forvismazars.us/forsights/2022/06/the-environmental-impact-of-the-pharma-sector.

Tsolas, I.E. (2021). Firm Credit Scoring: a Series Two-Stage DEA Bootstrapped Approach. J. Risk Financial Manag. 14, 214.

Uthayakumar, R., Priyan, S. (2013). Pharmaceutical supply chain and Inventory Management Strategies: Optimization for a Pharmaceutical Company and A Hospital. Operations Research for Health Care, 2(3), 52-64.

Wang, C. N., Nguyen, P. H., Nguyen, T. L., Nguyen, T. G., Nguyen, D. T., Tran, T. H., ... & Phung, H. T. (2022). A Two-Stage DEA Approach to Measure Operational Efficiency in Vietnam’s Port Industry. Mathematics, 10(9), 1385.

Wick, A., Strazovska, L. (2020). Strategy of Multi-Channel Marketing as a Success Factor for the Pharmaceutical Market, Humanum Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne, 36 (1), 173-178.

Xu, M., Tan, R. (2022). How to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Pharmaceutical Industry of China: Evidence from Total-Factor Carbon Emissions Performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 130505.

Yürüşen, S. (2011). “Veri Zarflama Analizi İle Bayi Performanslarının Hesaplanması: Otomotiv Sektöründe Bir Uygulama’’, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İşletme Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.

İndir

Yayınlanmış

16-06-2025

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

YILDIRIM SÖYLEMEZ, E. (2025). Operasyonel ve Çevresel Etkinliğin Değerlendirilmesinde Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA): İlaç Sektörü. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 60(2), 1311–1331. https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2025.1441

Sayı

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Benzer Makaleler

<< < 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > >> 

Bu makale için ayrıca gelişmiş bir benzerlik araması başlat yapabilirsiniz.