Assessment of Cargo Distribution Efficiency in Türkiye with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2026.1587

Keywords:

Cargo, Distribution, DEA, Efficiency, Total Factor Productivity

Abstract

This study aims to assess the relative efficiency of firms in Türkiye’s cargo distribution sector using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. DEA is a widely recognized approach for measuring efficiency, supported by academic communities and applicable in various fields.  In the analysis, seven variables were considered, encompassing six leading firms in the sector and one additional firm representing relatively minor companies. Within the scope of the study, all variables were transformed into percentages. While the number of employees, branches, and customer complaints were considered, the output variables focused on the amount of cargo transported and revenue generated. The efficiency analysis was conducted under the assumption of variable returns to scale, employing the Malmquist DEA model with an output-oriented approach over multiple years. Upon reviewing the results, it was determined that two or three firms demonstrated efficiency in each of the periods. In contrast, the remaining firms exhibited inefficiencies due to various issues, including customer shifts between companies. Inefficient firms faced challenges in operational, personnel, and technical efficiencies; firms that solve these problems are more efficient. The study contributes to the literature and the sector by providing policy recommendations for increasing efficiency and productivity in the Turkish cargo sector.

References

Alp, M., Köleoğlu, N., & Çinar, B. (2019). Kargo Firmalarının İtibarının Müşteri Memnuniyetine Etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 60, 1-13.

Atmaca, H. E., & Turgut, D. (2015). Kargo Şirketi Seçimine Yönelik Kriterlerin Belirlenmesinde Türkiye Genelinde Bir Saha Araştırması. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (2), 65-79.

Aydin, A. (2022). Lojistik Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisindeki Yerinin Girdi Çıktı Modeli ile Analizi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9 (2), 467-491. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.820167

Ayrıçay, Y., & Özçalıcı, M. (2015). 1997-2012 Yılları Arasında Türkiye’de Veri Zarflama Analizi İle İlgili Yayınlanan Akademik Çalışmalar. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 246-279.

Banker, R., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. (1984) Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. Management Science, 30, 1078-1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078

Bolis, S., & Maggi, R. (2003). Logistics Strategy and Transport Service Choices: An Adaptive Stated Preference Experiment. Growth and Change, 34(4), 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00232.x

BTK. (2024). Türkiye Posta Sektörü Pazar Verileri Raporu (No. 2). Bilgi Teknolojileri Ve İletişim Kurumu. Aviable at: https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/posta-sektoru-pazar-verileri-raporu/2024-2-phs-raporu-final-versiyon-karekod.pdf (Access date: 06.13.2025)

Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8

Clark, J. (2013). Conceptualising Social Media as Complaint Channel. Journal of Promotional Communications, 1(1), Article 1. Aviable at: https://www.promotionalcommunications.org/index.php/pc/article/view/20 (Access date: 06.13.2025)

Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., & Zhu, J. (2000). A unified additive model approach for evaluating inefficiency and congestion with associated measures in DEA. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 34(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0121(99)00010-5

Deniz, A., & Gödekmerdan, L. (2012). Müşterilerin Kargo Firmalarının Sunduğu Hizmetlere Yönelik Tutum ve Düşünceleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 379-396.

Deste, M., & Savaşkan, A. G. (2021). E-Ticaret İşletmelerinin Kargo Firması Seçimi Üzerine Vıkor Yöntemiyle Bir Uygulama. 5(1), 4-21. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.818878

Duran, G. (2017). Kargo Hizmetlerinin Tüketici Davranışlarına Etkisi Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Strategic Public Management Journal, 2 (1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.311273

Farrell, M.J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 120(3), 253-281.

Galkin, A., Švadlenka, L., Vrba, R., & Oliveira, L. K. de. (2025). Evaluation of the cargo bike program for parcel deliveries in a medium-sized city. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 140, 104609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104609

Guo, H., Liu, Y., Shi, X., & Chen, K. Z. (2021). The role of e-commerce in the urban food system under COVID-19: Lessons from China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 13(2), 436-455. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-06-2020-0146

Güdelek, M., Dursunkaya, E., Kaya, E., Palamutoğlu, M., Akşahin, T., & Nebati, E. E. (2024). Veri Zarflama Analizi İle Lojistik Etkinlik Ölçümü. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(3), 548-567. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1510631

Ilicali, İ. B., Yönet, Ö., Şahi̇N, Ş., & Suher, K. H. (2016). Algılanan Marka Benzerliğinin; Marka Sadakati, Marka Tatmini Ve Servis Kalitesi İle Olan İlişkisi: Kargo Kategorisine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Öneri Dergisi, 12(46), 295. https://doi.org/10.14783/od.v12i46.1000010016

Ivanov, D. (2020). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) case. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 136, 101922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922

İnan, T. T. (2018). Hava Kargo Taşımacılığında Uygulanan Stratejilerin İncelenmesi. R&S - Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 1(3), 523-537. https://doi.org/10.33723/rs.472640

Karabulut, C. (2019). Türkiye de 2000 Yılı Sonrası E-Ticaretin Gelişimi. Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 3(5), 192-207. https://doi.org/10.29226/TR1001.2019.152

Karabulut, O. A., Seyret, M. K., & Avci, M. G. (2023). Kargo Otomatı Yer Seçimi Problemi İçin Bir Matematiksel Model. Endüstri Mühendisliği, 34(1), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.46465/endustrimuhendisligi.1130216

Karadeni̇z, D. M., & Işık, M. (2014). Lojistik Hizmet Kalitesi İle Müşteri Memnuniyeti İlişkisi: E-Ticaret Üzerine Bir Araştırma. İstanbul Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-24.

Kızılırmak, B. (2023). Kargo Hizmetlerinin Müşteri Memnuniyeti Açısından Üçüncü Parti Platformda İncelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 26(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1139761

Kim, J., & Yoo, S. (2019). Software review: DEAP (Distributed Evolutionary Algorithm in Python) library. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 20(1), 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-018-9341-4

Ma, J.-H., & Ahn, Y.-H. (2016). Comparative Analysis on Efficiency and Productivity for Korea, Japan and Global Parcel Delivery Companies. Journal of Distribution Science, 14(3), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.14.3.201603.73

Özaydın, A. H., Çelikkaya, S., & Duran, G. (2019). Kargo Hizmetlerinin Tüketici Davranışlarına Etkisi Üzerine Bir Çalışma: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Örneği. Enderun, 3(2), 98-108.

Özbek, A. (2025). Lopcow Tabanlı Moora Yöntemiyle Kargo Şirketi Seçimi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 139-159.

Özgül, E. N., Aktepe, A., & Ersöz, S. (2022). Kargo Sektöründe Müşteri Memnuniyeti Endeksinin Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi ile Hesaplanması. Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi, 32-42. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.1197660

Pinar, A., & Di̇ken, A. (2020). Lojistik Performans Endeksi Kapsamında Lojistik Üslerin Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(39), 1384-1406. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.758630

Ritzer, P., Geischberger, J., Adeniran, I. O., & Thaller, C. (2023). Traffic Impact on Last-Mile Parcel Delivery with Cargo Bikes. Transportation Research Procedia, 72, 3656-3663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.555

Robichet, A., Nierat, P., & Combes, F. (2023). Comparison of the social cost of cargo bikes, electric and thermal commercial trucks for urban deliveries. Transportation Research Procedia, 72, 3174-3181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.878

Sikayetvar Web Site (2025). Aviable at: https://www.sikayetvar.com.tr (Access date: 06.13.2025)

Thanassoulis, E. (2001). Introduction to the Theory and Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. New York: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1407-7

Türkoğlu, K. (2022). Lojistik Ve Ters Lojistik Maliyetleri. International Journal of Social Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 9 (82), 866-873. https://doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.3086

Tüysüz, F., & Şimşek, B. (2017). A hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets-based AHP approach for analyzing the performance evaluation factors: An application to cargo sector. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 3(3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-017-0044-x

Ulutaş, A. (2020). SWARA Tabanlı CODAS Yöntemi İle Kargo Şirketi Seçimi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 1640-1647. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.559351

Yıldırım, M., & Ayvaz, B. (2019). Ülkelerin Lojistik Performanslarının Veri Zarflama Analizi İle Ölçümü. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(35), 57-73.

Zhu, L. (2020). Optimization and Simulation for E-Commerce Supply Chain in the Internet of Things Environment. Complexity, 2020(1), 8821128. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8821128

Downloads

Published

20.03.2026

How to Cite

TOPÇUOĞLU, V., & AVCI, T. (2026). Assessment of Cargo Distribution Efficiency in Türkiye with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Third Sector Social Economic Review, 61(1), 412–427. https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2026.1587

Issue

Section

Research Article

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)