A Slack-Based DEA Analysis for Public and Private Logistics Efficiency in OECD Countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63556/tisej.2026.1662Keywords:
Logistics, Logistics Performance Index, Slack-Based DEA, Trade Openness, International TradeAbstract
Efficiently and effectively managed logistics activities contribute to the development of national economies by reducing the costs of international trade and enabling countries to become more competitive internationally. The logistics performance index provides information about the logistics sector at the macro level, as well as information about the efficiency of logistics activities of both public and private enterprises at the micro level. This study evaluates the logistics performance efficiency of the public and private (logistics) sectors of OECD member countries based on three models created through trade openness. Slack-Based Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA) is used in the analysis of the data. The results reveal significant differences in efficiency among OECD countries. In this context, Costa Rica, Hungary, and Luxembourg were found to have total (both public and private sector) efficiency. Another finding was that six countries achieved full efficiency in public sector efficiency, four countries in private (logistics) sector efficiency, and eight countries in total efficiency. In contrast, developed economies such as the United States and Japan showed inefficiencies, which proves that there are structural inefficiencies in the logistics systems of developed countries or that they cannot use resources efficiently. The comparative analysis shows that, with some exceptions, public sector is generally more efficient than private sector in terms of trade openness. The findings reveal significant differences in public and private logistics efficiency among OECD countries. Costa Rica, Hungary, and Luxembourg exhibit full efficiency in both the public and private logistics sectors; while significant areas of inefficiency have been identified in developed economies such as the United States and Japan. The comparative analysis results show that, with some exceptions, the public sector generally performs better than the private sector in terms of trade openness. The findings reveal significant differences in public and private logistics efficiency among OECD countries. In this respect, the study makes a unique contribution to the literature by identifying the sources of logistics inefficiencies and offering sector-specific areas for improvement for policymakers.
References
Arana-Jiménez, M., Lozano-Ramírez, J., Sánchez-Gil, M.C., Younesi, A., & Lozano, S. (2024). A Novel Slacks-Based Interval DEA Model and Application. Axioms, 13, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13030144
Arvis, J. F., Ojala, L., Wiederer, C., Shepherd, B., Raj, A., Dairabayeva, K., & Kiiski, T. (2018). Connecting to Compete 2018: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy-The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators (No. 128355). World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/29971
Arvis, J.F., Mustra, M.A., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B. & Saslavsky, D. (2010). Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy-the Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators, Retrieved from lpi.worldbank.org/report (Washington DC).
Arvis, J.F., Mustra, M.A., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B. & Saslavsky, D. (2012). Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy-the Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators, Retrieved from lpi.worldbank.org/report (Washington DC).
Arvis, J.F., Mustra, M.A., Panzer, J., Ojala, L. & Naula, T. (2007). Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy-the Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators, Retrieved from lpi.worldbank.org/report (Washington DC).
Arvis, J.F., Saslavsky, D., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B., Busch, C. & Raj, A. (2014). Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy-the Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators, Retrieved from lpi.worldbank.org/report (Washington DC).
Arvis, J. F., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B., Ulybina, D., & Wiederer, C. (2023). Connecting to compete 2023: Trade logistics in an uncertain global economy-the logistics performance index and its indicators.
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078–1092.
Barakat, M., Madkour, T., & Moussa, A.M. (2023). The role of logistics performance index on trade openness in Europe. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 25(3):379–394
Bayraktar, E., Zaim, S., Gudelek, M., & Golgeci, I. (2025). Global logistics efficiency after COVID-19: a cross-country analysis using the logistics performance index. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2025.2540863
Beysenbaev, R. (2018). ‘The importance of country-level logistics efficiency assessment to the development of international trade’, British Journal for Social and Economic Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp.13–20.
Bhukiya, S., & Patel, R. (2023). The Relationship Between Logistics Performance Index and International Trade: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2582:7421, https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2023.32488
Bozduman, E.T. (2025). “OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Karmaşıklık, Toplam Faktör Verimliliği ve İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi”, Verimlilik Dergisi, 59(2), 385-396.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6) 429-444.
Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M. & Tone, K., (2000). Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software, (Netherlands: Springer, Second Edition, 2007) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M. & Tone, K. (2006). Data envelopment analysis: a comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-Solver softwaren (Second ed). New York: Springer.
Christopher, M., (2016). Logistics & Supply Chain Management. Pearson UK.
Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., & Tone, K. (2007). Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text. Springer.
Cui, Z., Fu, X., Wang, J., Qiang, Y., Jiang, Y., & Long, Z. (2022). How does COVID-19 pandemic impact cities’ logistics performance? An evidence from China’s highway freight transport. Transp Policy 120:11–22
Çelebi, D. (2019). The role of logistics performance in promoting trade. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 21(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-017-0094-4
Çemberci, M., Civelek, M. E., & Canbolat, N. (2015). The moderator effect of global competitiveness index on dimensions of logistics performance index. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 195, pp.1514–1524.
Erturan, M. B., & Merdivenci, F. (2021). LPI Based Two Stage Network DEA Model to Measure Logistics Efficiency: An Application on OECD Countries. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 1187–1199. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2021.1192
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120(3), 253-290.
Gaalya, M., Edward, B. & Eria, H. (2017). Trade openness and tax revenue performance in east African countries, Modern Economy, Vol. 8, pp.690–711.
Gani, A. (2017). The logistics performance effect in international trade, The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 33(4), 279-288.
Göçer, A., Özpeynirci, Ö., & Semiz, M. (2022). Logistics performance index-driven policy development: An application to Turkey. Transport Policy, 124: 20–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.03.007
Gök Kısa, C. & Ayçin, E. (2019). OECD ülkelerinin lojistik performanslarının SWARA tabanlı EDAS yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi. 9 (1), 301-325.
Göncü, K. K., & Yücel, D. (2023). Veri zarflama analizi ile Avrupa geçiş ekonomilerinin lojistik performans endeksi kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 12(1), 30-51.
Guo, H., Qi, Y., & Zou, Z. (2018). An empirical analysis of the coordinated development of China’s logistics industry and foreign trade in the 40 years of reform and opening up. Enterprise Econ 12:56–63
Guo, Q. (2018). An analysis of the impact of international trade on the development of the logistics industry. Bus Econ Res 23:92–94
Havenga, J.H. (2011). ‘Trade facilitation through logistics performance: the enabling role of national government’, Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.123–148.
Hollweg, C. &Wong, M-H. (2009). Measuring Regulatory Restrictions in Logistics Services, ERIA Discussion Paper Series.
Huong, V. T. T. ., Kiem, P. V. ., Thuy, N. T. ., Trang, V. T. H. ., & Ha, H. T. T. (2024). Assessing the impact of green logistics performance on vietnam’s export trade to regional comprehensive economic partnership countries. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 7(2), 742–754. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v7i2.2882
Jayathilaka, R., Jayawardhana, C., Embogama, N., Jayasooriya, S., Karunarathna, N., Gamage, T., & Kuruppu, N. (2022). Gross domestic product and logistics performance index drive the world trade: A study based on all continents. PloS one 17(3):e0264474
Kabak, Ö., Ülengin, F., & Ekici, Ş. Ö. (2018). Connecting logistics performance to export: a scenario-based approach, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 70, pp.69–82.
Korinek, J. & Sourdin, P. (2011). To What Extent Are High-Quality Logistics Services Trade Facilitating?, OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 108, OECD Publishing, Paris.
Seo-Young, L. (2023). The Impact of Logistics Efficiency and FTAs on International Trade: The Experience of G-20 Countries. Korea International Trade Research Institute. 19. 75-87. 10.16980/jitc.19.5.202310.75.
Liu, L. (2022). Cultivation of competitive advantage of cross-border agricultural products trade in western China-Based on the perspective of cross-border logistics. Res Business Econ 1:135–138
Liu, J., Yuan, C., Hafeez, M., & Yuan, Q. (2018). The relationship between environment and logistics performance: Evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 204, pp.282–291.
Ma, C., Ren, J. & Chen, C. (2025). A network slacks-based measure considering dual-role factors and undesirable outputs for assessing the efficiency of supply chains. Scientific Reports, 15, 15632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99760-9
Madkour, T., Mohamed, S., & Dabees, A. (2020). The impact of logistics performance index on trade openness in africa. International journal of management and applied science, 2394-7926.
Martel, A., & Klibi, W., (2016). Supply chains: issues and opportunities. In: Designing Value-creating Supply Chain Networks. Springer International Publishing, pp. 1-43. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-28146-9_1
Martí, L., Puertas, R., & García, L. (2014). The importance of the Logistics Performance Index in international trade. Applied economics, 46(24), 2982-2992. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.916394
Mazhikeyev, A., Edwards, T. & Rizov, M. (2015). Openness and isolation: the trade performance of the former soviet central Asian countries, International Business Review, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp.935-947.
Pigka-Balanika, V. (2003). The Impact of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: Evidence in Developing Countries, https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/15905/356613-Pigka-Balanika.pdf
Polat, M., Kara, K., & Acar, A. Z. (2023). Competitiveness based logistics performance index: An empirical analysis in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 24(2-3), 97-119.
Puertas, R., Martí, L., & García, L. (2014). Logistics performance and export competitiveness: European experience. Empirica, 41(3), 467-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-014-9257-z
Saslavsky, D., Arvis, J. F., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B., Raj, A., Busch, C., & Naula, T. (2016). Connecting to Compete 2016.
Sezer, S. & Abasiz, T. (2017). ‘The impact of logistics industry on economic growth: an application in OECD countries’, Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.11–23.
Siyakiya, P. (2017). Can trade openness stimulate output performance? A case of selected African countries. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 10(2), 55-67.
Sternad, M., Skrucany, T., & Jereb, B. (2018). International logistics performance based on the DEA analysis. Communications-Scientific letters of the University of Zilina, 20(4), 10-15.
Takele, T.B. (2019). The relevance of coordinated regional trade logistics for the implementation of regional free trade area of Africa, Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, Vol. 13, pp.1–11.
Tone, K. (2001). A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 130(3), 498-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5
Tone, K., & Tsutsui, M. (2014). Dynamic DEA with network structure: A slacks-based measure approach. Omega, 42(1), 124-131.
Turgut, M. (2025). Yükselen ekonomi ülkelerinin lojistik performans etkinliğinin veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 275–291. http://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1530746.
Ulkhaq, M. M. (2024). Logistics performance measurement: A data envelopment analysis using the logistics performance index 2018 data. In Data-Driven Technologies and Artificial Intelligence in Supply Chain (pp. 58-76). CRC Press.
Wang, F.Z. (2015). Research on Logistics Development and Energy Consumption from the Perspective of Urbanization Development . Technoeconomics & Management Research, (03): 100-103.
Wang, R., & Wang, Q. (2021). The role of export trade in the “ Belt and Road “ core region on the growth and agglomeration of the logistics industry. Bus Econ Res 17:101–104
Wang, W., Wu, Q., & Su, J. (2024). The impact of international logistics performance on import and export trade: an empirical case of the “Belt and Road” initiative countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-10.
Yang, Z., Hu, Z., & Liu, C. (2019). Analysis of the potential of trade and cross-border logistics cooperation between China and ASEAN countries in the context of the “Belt and Road”. Comput Appl Softw 36(2):1–6
Zhan, J., Feng X, & Song Dynasty (2019). Research on the driving effect of export trade on the development of logistics industry in the core area of the “Belt and Road” -Based on the LMDI model. Price Monthly, 4:44–53
Zhong, D., & Zhou, N. (2022). Analysis of the impact of logistics performance of countries along the China-Europe train on Guangdong’s import and export trade. Foreign Trade, 6:63–68
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Third Sector Social Economic Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
